It’s not on an industrial scale yet, but Rio Tinto is taking another step forward in producing 100% green aluminum with a new “demonstration” plant. Quebec and Ottawa are untying the purse strings to allow this 375 million project to see the light of day.
The multinational will deploy Elysis technology in a building that will be erected on the site of its Arvida factory, in Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean. Start-up is planned for 2027. At around 2,500 tonnes per year, production will be modest. For example, the AP60 aluminum smelter, announced last year by Rio Tinto, expects annual production of 160,000 tonnes of gray metal.
“We have a fairly cautious approach,” says Rio Tinto Aluminum’s senior director of Atlantic operations, Sébastien Ross, in a telephone interview. Since it’s a disruptive technology, there are a lot of things that need to be developed from scratch. »
In development in Saguenay since 2018, Elysis is considered very promising, but it is still in its infancy. Rio Tinto, Alcoa and Apple financed part of the project. The Legault government has already injected 80 million into the adventure, compared to 60 million for the federal government.
The Quebec aluminum industry is less polluting than elsewhere in the world thanks to hydroelectricity, but its manufacturing process makes this sector the main industrial emitter of greenhouse gases (GHG) in Quebec. Elysis manages to produce gray metal without any GHG, but on a very small scale in a controlled environment.
To take the next step, Rio Tinto and Investissement Québec (IQ) are setting up a limited partnership to use the Elysis license. The Australian-British mining giant is putting 235 million on the table, while the financial arm of the Quebec state is injecting 140 million.
Ottawa is also offering several tens of millions of dollars, but at the time of writing, it was not possible to know the amount. Rio Tinto would not say whether the money from the Trudeau government will mitigate the amount it is spending to build the green aluminum demonstration plant.
These details were revealed on Friday in Saguenay, as part of an event bringing together Mr. Ross, the federal Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry, François-Philippe Champagne, the Quebec Minister of Economy, Innovation and Energy Pierre Fitzgibbon as well as his colleague at Municipal Affairs Andrée Laforest.
This investment by Rio Tinto is in addition to that of 1.4 billion announced last year in Saguenay for the construction of 96 AP60 technology tanks, which represents the production of approximately 160,000 metric tons of aluminum primary. This project, which benefits from a forgivable loan of 150 million from the Legault government, will reduce GHG emissions by 50% compared to the old tanks of the Arvida factory.
The ten tanks that will be installed in the Elysis demonstration plant in Arvida will be four times smaller than the regular format. Ross says there is demand for 100% green aluminum – companies like Apple and brewing giant AB InBev are among the customers – but there are still “learnings” to be done with this new technology.
“It’s the raw materials used in the process that are different and are quite rare on the planet,” he says. “I would go so far as to say that. It’s a major technological issue. The biggest mistake we could make is to skip steps and make a mistake that would be fatal and that would have the potential to kill the technology.”
For the moment, it is impossible, according to the manager of Rio Tinto, to know when we will be able to industrialize this process. The risk level must be lowered further, he says. Thinking about profits, at this stage, is a bit “utopian”.
Nevertheless, Mr. Fitzgibbon believes that the financial risk for the Quebec state is moderate in this project. The agreement with Rio Tinto provides that the multinational will end up buying Quebec’s stake in the limited partnership, if everything goes as planned.
“We negotiated [a mechanism] where the redemption will be equal to the cost of funds and we have an interesting potential return that we can also make,” says the Quebec Minister of the Economy. Whether we achieve a return of 4% or 7% on the investment, it is secondary to the comparative advantage that Quebec will have if we are the first to produce green aluminum. »
Could the Quebec government eventually be called upon to inject more money into the limited partnership to avoid dilution if other investments are necessary? Perhaps, Mr. Fitzgibbon concedes, adding that Rio Tinto will have to be able to complete the project.
“At some point, it’s no longer up to the government to support this,” he says.
According to Rio Tinto, demolition and preparation work will begin “immediately” and construction of the new factory is expected to begin “in early 2025.”